2 Contents Part I - Mainstreaming Biodivers ity: Challenges and Lessons 1. Introduction 4 2. Why mainstream biodiversity 5 3. Balancing biodiversity and de velopment objectives 6 4. NBSAPs and biodiversity mainstream ing: reviewing the lessons 9 5. Lessons from sustainable development strategies 16 Part II - Country Reviews 1. Pakistan 19 National Conservation Strategy 19 Provincial conservation strategies 21 Biodiversity policy and mainstreaming 21 Coordination between the Rio Conventions 24 NCS-2: a mechanism for biodiversity mainstreaming and coordination 24 2. South Africa 25 The Biodiversity White Paper 25 Integrating biodiversity in devel opment policy and planning 26 3. India 28 Existing integration of biodive rsity in policy and planning 28 The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 29 Integrating biodiversity in nati onal and state planning 30 Integrating biodiversity in di strict planning 32 Implementation of the NBSAP 33 4. Ghana 34 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 34 Improving coordination and mainstreaming 36 5. Burkina Faso 37 The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 37 Improving institutional coordination mechanisms 40 Coordination between environmental planning frameworks 41 Developing an NSDS to improve policy coordina tion and integration 43 6. Namibia 44 Namibia National Biodiversity Programme 44 Namibia's NBSAP 44 NBSAP provisions for sectoral integration 45 NBSAP implementation mechanisms 47 Other tools and approaches for ma instreaming biodiversity 48 Coordination between the Rio Conventions 49 Mainstreaming environment policy in the National Development Plan 49 7. Tanzania The NBSAP and biodiversity integration 51 Lessons from other planning processes 53 3 Part III - Conclusions Key issues, achievements and shortcomings 54 Constraints to cross-sectoral integration 55 Opportunities for enhancing biodi versity integration 57 Recommendations for NBSAPs 60